Footnotes

Footnotes

1. Saturday Rev. 30 Aug 1862, p. 357, quoted in Taylor. H ‘Criminal Statistics Since the 1850s.’ (1998) Economic History Society. p. 572
2. Davis K. The Urbanisation of the Human Population. The City in Newly Developing Countries. (1969) p. 5.
3. Ibid. p.18.
4. Memmi. A. The Colonizer and the Colonized. (1974) Souvenir Press. London. AND Berry J. (1992) Cross-Cultural Psychology. Cambridge Uni. Press.
5. Shoemaker. R. (1991) Prosecution and Punishment Petty Crime and the Law in London and Rural Middlesex, c. 1660-1725. Cambridge University Press.
6. Wrigley E. & Schofield R. The Population History of England 1541-1871. (Cambridge 1989) p. 168.
7. Radzinowic. L. A History of English Criminal Law and Administration from 1750.
8. Raddzinowicz L. The Criminal in Society. (1971) See Thorsten Sellin. Conflicting Norms. p. 395.
9. Nandy A. The Intermate Enermy. The Psychology of Colonialism. p. 2-3.
10. Fiske J. Understanding Popular Culture. (1995) Routledge, London.
11. Hall S. Popular Culture and Social Relations.Popular Culture and The State. (1986) Milton Keynes. p. 23.
12. Nicholas. S. Convict Workers. (1988)
13. King. P. The Rise of Juvenile Delinquency in England 1780-1840. (1998)
King. P. The Origins of Juvenile Delinquency in England. (1992)
14. King P. Youth, Crime and the Rise of Juvenile Delinquency 1780 1850. (1995)
15. Styles J. Crime in 18th-century England. (1998) p. 37.
16. Radzinowic. L. op. cit., p. 143.
17. Ibid. p. 149.
18. Thompson F M L. Town and City. The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750-1950 Volume 1. Regions and Communities.(1993) p. 8-9.
19. Thompson. F. M. L. The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750-1850. (1993) Cambridge Uni Press.
20. Ibid. p. 12.
21. Ibid. p. 15.
22. See Everitt A. Perspectives in English Urban History. (1973) p. 94.
23. As the failure of the Anglican Church to grow with the speed of internal migration, therefore losing the authorities direct psychological controlling contact and teaching role with the masses is such a huge subject; it will have to be omitted from this study.
24. King P. Newspaper reporting, prosecution practice and perceptions of urban crime: the Colchester crime wave of 1765. (1987) p. 424.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid. p. 446.
27. Waller M. 1700 Scenes from London Life. (2000) Hodder & Stoughton. p. 203
28. Nicholus S. Convict Workers. p. 9.
29. Krausman Ben-Amos I. Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England (Yale 1994) pp. 69-80.
30. King P. The Origins of Juvenile Delinquency’: The Growth of Juvenile Prosecutions. p. 8.
31. Waller. M. 1700 Scenes from London Life. (2000) Hodder & Stoughton.
32. Clark. P. The Early Modern Town. (1976) London. Longman Group Ltd. p. 179.
33. Ibid. p. 180.
34. Rule. J. The Vital Century. Englands Developing Economy 1741 – 1815. (1992) Longman Group UK Ldt, Harlow.
35. Ibid.
36. Mogg's New Picture of London and Visitors Guild to its Sights. 1844. http://www.victorianlondon.org/markets/smithfield.htm 12.06.2009
37. Cunningham, Peter. Hand-Book of London. 1850. http://www.victorianlondon.org/markets/smithfield.htm 12.06.2009
38. Wynter, Dr Andrew. 'The London Commissariat'. Quarterly Review, No. cxc, Vol. Xcv. 1854. http://www.victorianlondon.org/markets/smithfield.htm 12.06.2009
39. 'The Illustrated London News.' 1855. ILN Picture Library http://www.ilnpictures.co.uk/ProductDetails.asp?ProductDetailID=77320 . 12.06.2009
40. Rule, J. Albions People; English society 1741 – 1815. (1992) Longman Group UK Ldt, Harlow. Pp. 214-230.
41. Defoe, D. ‘A Tour Througth the Whole Island of Great Britain.’ Everymen edition, (1962 1, pp. 113-32)
42. Ibid.
43. Rule, J. Albions People; English society 1741 – 1815. (1992) Longman Group UK Ldt, Harlow. Pp. 214-230.
44. Ibid.
45. Bellis, M. http://Inventors.about.com/library/Inventors/blrailroad.htm
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Fisher. T. Prostitution and the Victorians. (1997) St. Martins Press. New York. pg. xvii.
49. Ibid. Taken from Colquhoun. P. A Treatise on the Police of Metropolis. Chapter VII: Female Prostitutes. (1800) pg. xvii.
50. Ibid. pg. xviii.
51. Henderson. T. Disorderly Women in Eighteenth Century London. Prostitution and Control in the Metropolis, 1730-1830. (1999) Essex. Pearson Education Ltd.
52. Ibid. pg. 90.
53. Ibid. Taken from The Times, 8 January 1858: Prostitution in London. pg. 37.
54. Ibid. ppg. 29-48.
55. Ibid. The Times editorial comment on Colquhoun’s evidence, 4 September 1816. pg. xxii.
56. Malcolmson R. Popular Recreations in English Society 1700-1850. (1973) Cambridge University Press. p. 19-21.
57. Ibid. (Greville J. Cheaster, Statute Fairs: Their Evils and Their Remedy (York and London, 1856), p. 9; William Sheldrake, A Picturesque Description of Turton Fair, and its Pernicious Consequences. A Poem (London, 1789), pp. 16-17.) p. 78.
58. Ibid. (Two versions of this ballad are included in ‘A Collection of Broadside and Ballads Printed in Newcastle on Tyne. See also ‘Haymaking Courtship’ in James Reeves, The Idiom of the People: English Traditional Verse (London, 1958) pp. 122-3.) p. 78.
59. Ibid. pp. 78-79.
60. Ibid. From Housman, Description of Cumberland, pp 70-1. p. 54.
61. Ibid. (Diurnal of Nicholas Blundell, II, 25-7. Also Edwin Butterworth, An Historical Account of the Towns of Ashton-under-Lyne, Stalybridge, and Duckinfield (Ashton, 1842), pp. 37-8.) pp. 64.
62. Malcolmson R. Popular Recreations in English Society 1700-1850. (1973) p.64.
63. Kift. D. The Victorian Music Hall: Culture, Class and Conflict. (1997) Cambridge Uni Press.
64. Waller. M. 1700 Scenes from London Life. (2000) Hodder and Stoughton. p. 210.
65. See Everitt A. Perspectives in English Urban History. The English Urban Inn 1560-1760. pp. 91-137.
66. http://www.grthm.co.uk/timeline.php
67. http://www.grthm.co.uk/brief-history.php
68. http://www.angelfire.com/mo2/gypsyrunedhyn/gwagons.html C. Dickens. The Old Curiosity shop. (1840. ch. xxvii)
69. http://gypsytravellerhelp.org/information.html
70. http://www.grthm.co.uk/timeline.php
71. V. A. Gatrell. The Hanging Tree; Execution and the English People 1770-1868. (Oxford, Oxford Uni Press, 1994), p. 57.
72. Ibib. pp. 57-60.
73. Ibid. p. 176.
74. Ibid. p. 616. Also see Appendix 1. Table 1.
* It may be noted that two of the most obvious areas of interaction and innovation have been omitted from this section, building and religion. That is because there are and have always been the most obvious areas of civilisation, and most likely to leave surviving evidence, from the British stone circles, to the ancient city ruins.
75. The Times, Monday, Oct 04, 1830; pg. 4; Issue 14348; col B
76. Ibid. p. 4.
77. The Times, Wednesday, Oct 13, 1830; pg. 4; Issue 14356; col A
78. Hall S. Popular Culture and Social Relations. (1986) Milton Keynes. p. 23.
79. See Lewis F. The Cost of Convict Transportation from Britain to Australia, 1796-1810. (1988) Economic History Review.
80. Nicholas. S. & Shergold. R. Convicts as Migrants. Convict Workers. (1988) p. 43.
81. Alkinson A. The Free-Born Englishmen Transported: Convict Rights as a Measure of Eighteenth-century Emipre. (1999) p. 93.
82. Ibid. pp. 93-120.
83. Ibid. pp. 93-120.
84. Nicholas. S. & Shergold. R. Transportation as Global Migration. Convict Workers. (1988) p. 29.
85. King. P. Juvenile Delinquency in England? Juvenile Prosecutions in London 1780 – 1830. (1992) p. 2.
86. Where B = net benefit, # = survival probability, c = net cost while in bond, w = net output after release, T =cost of the passage to Australia, S = length of sentence, R = retirement year, r = discount rate, and a, b represent Australia, Britain. See Lewis F. The Cost of Convict Transportation from Britain to Australia, 1796-1810. (1988) Economic History Review.
87. Ibid. p. 509-510.
88. See King P. Youth, Crime and the Rise of Juvenile Delinquency 1780 1850. (1995) also King P. The Problem of Juvenile Delinquency’: The Growth of Juvenile Prosecutions in London. (1992)
89. Ibid. Yet as it has been established with there being no recorded evidence other then place of birth the information of origins of town juvenile parents or grandparents is obsolete. So there is no historical evidence of which culture would be ‘winning’ in the ‘battle’ for self-esteem though culture movements as there could be found with the race differences of today’s more multi-cultural society.
90. Ibid.
91. Nicholas. S. Convict Workers. (1988) p. 20.
92. Huges R. The Fatal Shore. (1986) pp. 204 –209.
93. King. P. Decision-makers and Decision-making in the English Criminal Law, 1750-1800. English Criminal Law. (1984) p. 25.
94. Ibid. p.27.
95. Taylor. D. Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1750-1914. (1998) New York. St. Martins Press Inc. p.120.
96. Nicholas. S. Convict Workers Meredith. D. Contemporary Views on Transportation. (1988) p. 14.
97. Ibid. p. 46. (Steven Nicholas’ research starts from 1817, therefore shows no place of birth for the first thirty years of convict migration.)
98. Ibid. p. 54.
99. Ibid. p. 60.
100. Ibid. p. 9.
101. Ibid. p. 19.
102. Ibid. p. 19.
103. Ibid. Meredith. D. Full Circle? Contemporary Views on Transportation. pp. 14-24.
104. Taylor. H. Rationing Crime: the Political Economy of criminal statistics Since the 1850s. (1998) Economic History Review. p. 569.
105. Radzinowic. L. English Criminal Law. pp. 133-135.
106. Ibid. p. 136.
107. Radzinowic. L. English Criminal Law. p. 149.
108. Humphery. K. Objects of Compassion: Young male convicts in Van Diemen’s Land. (1992) p. 17-18.
109. Ibid. p. 142.
110. Shore. H. Artful Dogers Youth and Crime in Early Nineteenth-Century London. (1999) Suffolk. St Edmundsbury Press.
111. Radzinowic. L. English Criminal Law. p. 142.
112. Shore. H. Artful Dodgers. P. 129.
113. Radzinowic. L. English Criminal Law. p. 143.
114. Shore. H. Artful Dodgers. From SC Gaols, PP, 1835, 1st Report, xi, appendix 21, pp. 260-1. p. 126-127.
115. Ibid. From Report, xi. 323, evidence of Thomas Dexter. p. 130.
116. Radzinowic. L. English Criminal Law. p. 143.
117. Ibid. p. 144.
118. Ibid. p. 150.
119. Ibid. p. 151.
120. Ibid. p. 153.
121. Public Record Office. London. HO 18/112 1
122. Ibid.
123. Radzinowic. English Criminal Law. p. 153.
124. Ibid. p. 155.
125. Humphery. K. Objects of Compassion. (1992) p. 18.
126. Ibid. p. 18.
127. Ibid. p. 19.
128. Ibid. p. 21.
129. Ibid. (See ‘Appendix (B)’ of the Report of the Select Committee on Transportation, 1838, British Parliamentary Papers. p. 219.) p. 21.
130. Ibid. p. 22.
131. Ibid. p. 22.
132. Ibid. p. 22.
133. Radzinowic. L. English Criminal Law. p. 140.
134. Radzinowic. L. English Criminal Law. pp. 140-141.
135. Taylor. H. Criminal Statistics since the 1850s. (1998) Economic History Society. P. 572.
136. Magarey. S. The Invention of Juvenile Delinquency in Early Nineteenth-Century England. p. 17.
137. Radzinowic. L. English Criminal Law. Quote from Foucault. M. Discipline and Punish (1977) p. 156.
138. Ibid. p. 157.
139. Ibid.
140. Ibid.
141. Ibid. p. 159.
142. May. M. Innocence and Experience: The Evolution of the Concept of Juvenile Delinquency in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. (1973) p. 26.
143. Tiffield Reform School Minutes 1862-1872. Northampton Public Record Office. ZB 205/19.
144. Ibid.
145. May. M. Innocence and Experience. p. 26.
146. Brooks, D. The National Society’s Contribution to Technical Education in Northampton. (1970) Northampton Public Records Office. p. 3.
147. Ibid.
148. Ibid. p. 4.
149. Ibid.
150. Ibid.
151. Tiffield Reform School Minutes 1862-1872.
152. Brooks. D. Technical Education in Northamptonshire. p. 6
153. Ibid. p. 9.
154. Ibid. p. 7-8.
155. Saturday Rev. 30 Aug 1862, p. 357, quoted in Taylor. H ‘Criminal Statistics Since the 1850s.’ (1998) Economic History Society. p. 572